Question
How does the discovery of the genetic code of apoptosis benefit medicine?
Answer
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated, gene-directed programme of cell death, usually occurring during development and ageing, and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain normal cell populations in tissues (Yaacoub et al., 2016). Inappropriate apoptosis is a factor in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Insufficient apoptosis may cause autoimmune diseases or cancers; enhanced apoptosis, however, can cause neurodegenerative disease, and immunodeficiency (Zangemeister-Wittke and Simon, 2001; Hassan et al., 2014).
The molecular mechanisms governing apoptosis are fairly well understood; however apoptosis remains the focus of continued research (Elmore, 2007). The discovery and subsequent sequencing of key pro-apoptotic genes, such as the p53 tumour suppressor gene, has given new insights into disease processes, influencing therapeutic strategies (Zhivotovsky and Orrenius, 2010). An enhanced understanding of the key genes regulating apoptosis has led to many benefits to medicine: these include a new generation of anti-cancer drugs in clinical trials, and innovative new ‘suicide gene’ therapies (Karjoo et al., 2016). Such potential therapies include work by Senzer et al., (2013), who created a liposomal p53 nanocomplex to induce apoptosis in advanced solid malignant tumours. A recent study by Lv et al., (2016) has demonstrated the successful use of the IL-24 gene to induce apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. It is clear that deeper insight into apoptosis is facilitating exciting new biological treatments, representing a revolution in the treatment of disease (particularly targeted cancer therapies) (Lv et al., 2016).
References
Elmore, S., (2007) Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic Pathology; 35 (4): 495-516.
Hassan, M., Watari, H., AbuAlmaaty, A., Ohba, y., Sakuragi, N., (2014) Apoptosis and molecular targeting therapy in cancer. BioMed Research International; 150845.
Karjoo, Z., Chen, X., Hatefi, A., (2016) Progress and problems with the use of suicide genes for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews; 99: 113-128.
Lv, C., Su, Q., Liang, Y., Hu, J., Yuan., S (2016) Oncolytic vaccine virus harboring the IL-24 gene suppresses the growth of lung cancer by inducing apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; 476: 21-28.
Senzer, N., Nemunaitis, J., Nemunaitis D., Bedell, C., Edelman, G., Barve, M., et al., (2013) Phase I study of a systemically delivered p53 nanoparticle in advanced solid tumours. Molecular Therapy; 21 (5): 1096-1103.
Yaacoub, K., Pedeux, R., Tarte, K., Guillaudeux, T., (2016) Role of the tumour microenvironment in regulating apoptosis and cancer progression. Cancer Letters; 378: 150-159.
Zhangemesiter-Wittke, U., Simon, H. U., (2001) Apoptosis – Regulation and clinical implications. Cell Death and Differentiation; 8: 537-544.
Zhivotovsky, B., Orrenius, S., (2010) Cell death mechanisms: Cross-talk and role in disease. Experimental Cell Research; 316: 1374-1383
